Language models have seen enormous progress on advanced benchmarks in recent years, but much of this progress has only been possible by using more costly models. Benchmarks may therefore present a warped picture of progress in practical capabilities per dollar. To remedy this, we use data from Artificial Analysis and Epoch AI to form the largest dataset of current and historical prices to run benchmarks to date. We find that the price for a given level of benchmark performance has decreased remarkably fast, around $5\times$ to $10\times$ per year, for frontier models on knowledge, reasoning, math, and software engineering benchmarks. These reductions in the cost of AI inference are due to economic forces, hardware efficiency improvements, and algorithmic efficiency improvements. Isolating out open models to control for competition effects and dividing by hardware price declines, we estimate that algorithmic efficiency progress is around $3\times$ per year. Finally, we recommend that evaluators both publicize and take into account the price of benchmarking as an essential part of measuring the real-world impact of AI.

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown strong reasoning abilities in domains like mathematics, coding, and scientific problem-solving, yet their potential for ranking tasks, where prime examples include retrieval, recommender systems, and LLM routing, remains underexplored. Ranking requires complex reasoning across heterogeneous candidates, but existing LLM-based rankers are often domain-specific, tied to fixed backbones, and lack iterative refinement, limiting their ability to fully exploit LLMs' reasoning potential. To address these challenges, we propose R1-Ranker, a reasoning-incentive framework built on reinforcement learning, with two complementary designs: DRanker, which generates full rankings in one shot, and IRanker, which decomposes ranking into an iterative elimination process with step-wise rewards to encourage deeper reasoning. We evaluate unified R1-Rankers on nine datasets spanning recommendation, routing, and passage ranking, showing that IRanker-3B consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance, surpasses larger 7B models on some tasks, and yields a 15.7% average relative improvement. Ablation and generalization experiments further confirm the critical role of reinforcement learning and iterative reasoning, with IRanker-3B improving zero-shot performance by over 9% on out-of-domain tasks and reasoning traces boosting other LLMs by up to 22.87%. These results demonstrate that unifying diverse ranking tasks with a single reasoning-driven foundation model is both effective and essential for advancing LLM reasoning in ranking scenarios.

--Over two thirds of women of all ages in the UK have experienced some form of sexual harassment in a public space. Recent tragic incidents involving female pedestrians have highlighted some of the personal safety issues that women still face in cities today. There exist many popular location-based safety applications as a result of this; however, these applications tend to take a reactive approach where action is taken only after an incident has occurred. This paper proposes a preventative approach to the problem by creating safer public environments through societal incentivisation. The proposed system, called "Herd Routes ", improves the safety of female pedestrians by generating busier pedestrian routes as a result of route incen-tivisation. A novel application of distributed ledgers is proposed to provide security and trust, a record of system users' locations and IDs, and a platform for token exchange. A proof-of-concept was developed using the simulation package SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility), and a smartphone app. With positive results from the initial testing of the proof-of-concept, further development could significantly contribute towards creating safer pedestrian routes through cities, and tackle the societal change that is required to improve female pedestrian safety in the long term. Emales of all ages face gender-inequities in every day life, and the associated feelings of compromised safety and fearfulness that can arise. Of course, in these situations, women do as much as they can to prioritise their personal safety. Notably, women approach walking through cities with extreme caution, especially at night. In London, for example, there are ongoing initiatives such as the UN Women's Global initiative of "Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces for Women and Girls", which commits to identifying gender-responsive, locally relevant and owned interventions [1].

This paper presents the application of Tokenlab, an agent-based modeling framework designed to analyze price dynamics and speculative behavior within token-based economies. By decomposing complex token systems into discrete agent interactions governed by fundamental behavioral rules, Tokenlab simplifies the simulation of otherwise intricate market scenarios. Its core innovation lies in its ability to model a range of speculative strategies and assess their collective influence on token price evolution. Through a novel controller mechanism, Tokenlab facilitates the simulation of multiple speculator archetypes and their interactions, thereby providing valuable insights into market sentiment and price formation. This method enables a systematic exploration of how varying degrees of speculative activity and evolving strategies across different market stages shape token price trajectories. Our findings enhance the understanding of speculation in token markets and present a quantitative framework for measuring and interpreting market heat indicators.

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Telegram Medium Twitter Facebook Github YouTube Overview As cyber threats are growing at an exponential rate, modern cybersecurity solutions are reactive, outdated, and ineffective. Recent advances in AI-based threat protection are promising but are almost exclusively deployed to large corporate applications, placing the technology out of reach of the people who are most vulnerable to attacks. HEROIC.com is taking a new approach to AI-Powered threat protection. As users are intelligently protected against cyber threats, they are also compensated for seamlessly contributing anonymized threat data back to the network making everyone more secure. Ecosystem and the Heroic Token will become a new standard used throughout the entire cybersecurity industry to globally ensure security, privacy, and trust.